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In conventional terms, data
processing refers to the conversion of the data
that a business has collected into meaningful
presentations that managers can access quickly
and easily and use in practical ways, such as to
increase revenues or decrease costs.
Data processing refers to any process that
converts data from one format to another.
Strictly speaking, data processing involves
converting information into data and converting
data into information. Conversion doesn't imply
that a question must be answered; however,
meaningful results are the goal in business and
scientific applications.
In data processing, a string of characters
forming a sentence in English is converted from
keyboard entry strokes by hardware integer codes
into ASCII integer codes using an embedded or
operating system. Such a system, or software, is
required in order to obtain information through
a hardware interface. Next, the data is
processed by the computer into specific words
that are meaningful to people who speak English.
In conventional terms, data processing refers to
the conversion of the data that a business has
collected into meaningful presentations that
managers can access quickly and easily and use
in practical ways, such as to increase revenues
or decrease costs. This conversion of data into
meaningful information is achieved through
various data processing applications.
When data from the fields of science or
engineering is processed, the specialized term
“data analysis” is used. The precise algorithmic
derivations and statistical calculations
required in data analysis do not apply to the
business environment. In scientific data
processing, measurements are represented by
integers, fixed points, or binary code decimal
representations of real numbers. Most common
business data measurements are represented by
floating-point representations of real numbers.
All naturally occurring processes can be viewed
as data processing systems—even the human being!
Raw data in the form of electrical signals is
converted by the human nervous system through
the senses of touch, taste, hearing, smell, and
vision into understandable information. Even the
interactions of nonliving systems may be viewed
as basic information processing systems. Systems
react to the influence of “communicating”
systems. In its most basic sense, to communicate
means “to touch, to be connected with, to be in
contact with, to transmit, to exchange
something,” and “to have something in common.”
Salt dissolving in a glass of water is the
result of the data of two systems, salt and
water, “communicating,” or coming in contact
with each other. Their individual data is
processed to produce an output, or new
information; in this case, the output is
saltwater.
However, the terms data processing and
information processing systems conventionally
refer to business usage rather than to organic
or inorganic systems. Business information
processing requires algorithmic derivations,
logical analysis, and statistical calculations,
and it is not used to refer to other types of
measurements.
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